Acidification induces condensation of the adenovirus core

The Creation of Defects with Core Condensation

Defects in superfluid He, high-Tc superconductors, QCD colour superfluids and cosmic vortons can possess (anti)ferromagnetic cores, and their generalisations. In each case there is a second order parameter whose value is zero in the bulk which does not vanish in the core. We examine the production of defects in the simplest 1+1 dimensional scalar theory in which a second order parameter can tak...

Ethanol induces condensation of single DNA molecules

As a widely used precipitation agent for DNA extraction, ethanol is used to induce single molecule DNA condensation. This process is studied with force-measuring magnetic tweezers and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our experiments provide direct evidence of the metastable intermediate racquet states in DNA collapse induced by ethanol. The measured condensing force is less than 0.2 pN even at 50...

Neutrophil Activation Extracellular Acidification Induces Human

Ion etching of human adenovirus 2: structure of the core.

The surface of human adenovirus 2 was etched by irradiating intact virions with low-energy (1-keV) Ar+ ions in a Technics Hummer V sputter coater . Viral structures exposed by the etching process were shadowed and then examined in the electron microscope. Periods of etching that were sufficient to reduce the viral diameter by 20 to 30 nm revealed distinct substructural elements in the virion co...

Distribution of DNA-condensing protein complexes in the adenovirus core

Genome packing in adenovirus has long evaded precise description, since the viral dsDNA molecule condensed by proteins (core) lacks icosahedral order characteristic of the virus protein coating (capsid). We show that useful insights regarding the organization of the core can be inferred from the analysis of spatial distributions of the DNA and condensing protein units (adenosomes). These were o...